The goal of this review is to summarize the known effects of the individual ingredients of ED have on ECF.Ī search of the English-language scientific literature was performed primarily by searching MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library, CINAHL Plus, Google Scholar for the time period 1976 through September 2014. Due to the various uses of tracking ECF in the process of CAD and other diseases, it is important to determine what effects the various components of ED have on ECF alone or in combination as part of an ED. ECF is commonly measured indirectly by flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) in the brachial artery, which is well validated, and serves as a strong predictor of cardiovascular events. Impairment of ECF is also related to a decrease in the bioavailability of nitric oxide, a vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation, which also has anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties. It has been commonly accepted that ECF is closely related to cardiovascular risk, with impairment being involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD). In addition, caffeine, which is often present in high concentrations in EDs, has been associated with reduced myocardial blood flow during exercise. Several studies have noted reduced endothelial cell function (ECF) following ED consumption others have shown no difference. A case report suggested that abnormal vascular function, specifically coronary artery spasm, may have been the result of the high levels of taurine and caffeine in the ED. The consumption of EDs before or during exercise might be linked to an increased risk for myocardial ischemia in association with endothelial dysfunction. Clearly, more studies that are well designed to examine the effects of EDs and their components are needed to clarify their effects. As for the other common ingredients of taurine, ginseng, B vitamins, glucuronolactone and others, there was an overwhelming lack of evidence for their enhancing physical and cognitive performance. In a systematic review of the ED ingredients that examined them alone or in combination with caffeine to assess the claims of enhancing physical and cognitive performance, 32 articles found some evidence, albeit weak, to support the claims for glucose and guarana. Studies on the effects of EDs to improve ones physical or cognitive performance have yielded mixed results. In the light of ED consumption recently being associated with high risk behaviors, unhealthy habits, and some deaths in adolescents and young adults, especially when consumed while exercising, the Food and Drug Agency and the scientific community is now asking for more evidence as to whether these EDs work, what is in them, who should use them, and what if any is a safe dose. Many energy products, especially energy drinks (ED) are now marketed to this need, and examples include Red Bulls' 'Gives You Wings,' as well as Monster Energy's 'Unleash the Beast' advertising campaigns. It is an age-old idea to try to boost one's performance in order to achieve an elusive goal or conquer an obstacle. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. (2014) Energy Drink Ingredients and their Effect on Endothelial Function: A Review.Int J Clin Cardiol 1:006. Received: Octo| Accepted: Octo| Published: October 31, 2014Ĭitation: Higgins JP, Ortiz BL. Higgins, Associate Professor of Medicine, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, LBJ General Hospital, 5656 Kelley St, UT Annex-Room 104, Houston, TX 77026-1967, USA, Tel: 71 Fax: 71 E-mail: J Clin Cardiol, IJCC-1-006, (Volume 1, Issue 1), Review Article ISSN: 2378-2951
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |